Reconceptualising loss in retailing: calling time on ‘shrinkage’

For more than 100 years the retail industry has relied primarily upon the term ‘shrinkage’ to define how retail ‘losses’ are understood and controlled. There is, however, little consensus on what types of loss should be included and excluded when this term is used, making most benchmarking exercises difficult to perform with any degree of accuracy. In addition, as retailing becomes ever more complex and demanding, and a greater range of data sources become available, the traditional approaches to understanding and measuring loss in retailing seem increasingly anachronistic. Based upon extensive interviews and focus group discussions with senior retail executives from Europe and the U.S., this article puts forward a framework for developing a more inclusive and broad ranging definition and typology of retail losses, using the umbrella term Total Retail Loss.     

论刑罚功能与再犯

刑罚的目的是预防犯罪,包括特殊预防与一般预防。但事实证明,现有刑罚已不再容易达到预防犯罪的目的,其功能不能有效发挥,甚至令人担忧。尤其是被法院本着＂宽和精神＂判处拘役、短期有期徒刑的罪犯,再犯现象严重。本文结合某地区再犯刑事案件统计情况进行分析,并提出对刑罚进行修改的建议。     

Death of a Backpacker: Incidental but Not Random

This case study of the fatal shooting of a backpacker by a policeman in the otherwise peaceful town of Pai in northern Thailand aims to show that, though incidental, it was not just a random occurrence. Rather, the event can be interpreted in terms of wider social structural processes and personal agency. The growing tension between the police and the backpackers in town, partly resulting from pressures to upgrade the community for more up-market domestic tourism, created the conditions for the occurrence of the event; but the personal predispositions of the main antagonists exacerbated these tensions, eventuating in tragic consequences. The article examines the contrasting versions of the event, and the ‘ethno-victimology’, implicit in the manner various groups of foreigners allocated the responsibility for the shooting between the antagonists. The article concludes that the event may have a negative effect on backpackers’ image of Pai (but not on the domestic tourists’ image), while the growth in the number of foreigners killed in Thailand may have an accumulative effect on the touristic image of the country as a whole. Some ideas for the further study of events in tourism are suggested.     

Investigating causality among unemployment,income and crime in Taiwan: evidence from the bounds test approach

This paper examines the long-run and causal relationships among unemployment, income and crime in Taiwan. The results clearly indicate that there is a long-run level equilibrium relationship among unemployment, income and total crime. There are also long-run relationships among unemployment, income and theft and among unemployment, income and economic fraud. The causality test results from the ECM-VAR and level VAR models indicate that there is a neutral relationship among unemployment, income and total crime, and a neutral relationship among unemployment, income and all three categories of crime. It is concluded that there is no strong evidence in favor of the unemployment-led crime (ULC) or the crime-led unemployment (CLU) hypotheses in Taiwan.     

森林资源的刑法保护刍议

我国现行刑法确立了非法采伐、毁坏珍贵树木罪等罪名,这对保护我国森林资源产生了规范作用。但是由于目前破坏森林资源的犯罪仍处于高发阶段,且形式多样,现行刑法已不足以遏制此类犯罪的发展势头,因此理顺法律条文间的关系、将一些严重破坏森林资源的行为纳入到刑法中来,并进一步完善此类犯罪的刑罚体系及其相关制度将成为刑事立法的重点。     

空巢家庭与未成年人犯罪剖析--以农村留守和外来务工人员子女为例

空巢家庭问题一直是一个社会性问题。而在其背景下未成年人的犯罪呈现逐年递增的趋势。这无疑成为了限制社会发展的桎梏。它从根源上扼杀了国家的人才,与此同时也为社会带来了巨大的危害。预防和减少未成年人犯罪无疑成为了迫在眉睫的问题。     

Econometric analysis of noncompliance with organic farming standards in Switzerland

Applying the economics of crime theory, we model the decision of an opportunistic and/or careless organic farmer and derive hypotheses to explain noncompliance. Where empirical data are available, hypotheses are tested. We use data for the years 2007 through 2009 of organic farms certified by Bio Suisse. Imposed sanctions are used as a proxy variable for noncompliance and farm characteristics as explanatory variables. Random effects logit models show that processing activities and livestock diversity significantly increase a farm's sanction probability. Past noncompliances also indicate a higher present sanction probability. Finally, we discuss some methodological issues and suggest a way to organize risk‐based inspections more effectively.     

试析民事合同欺诈与合同诈骗罪的区别--以一起林权转让纠纷为例

从一起林权转让纠纷的定性为切入点,深入探讨民事合同欺诈与合同诈骗罪的含义、特征,分析二者的区别,即民事合同欺诈与合同诈骗罪在主观目的、客观表现、数额要求、法律责任等方面不同,指出执法实践中特别应注意审查欺诈行为人主体资格是否属实,弄清欺诈行为人客观上有无实际履约能力,查清欺诈行为人有无实际履约行为,核实行为人不履行合同的原因,查明行为人资金和财务流向等问题。     

论破坏国家重点保护野生动物资源的犯罪

《野生动物保护法》将珍贵、濒危野生动物列为国家重点保护的野生动物 ,并规定了管理、保护制度。 1 997年《刑法》新增了非法猎捕、杀害珍贵、濒危野生动物罪和非法收购、运输、出售珍贵、濒危野生动物、珍贵、濒危野生动物制品罪 ,从而完善了我国对野生动物的法律保护体系。本文就两个罪名的法律构成 ,以及司法实践中的有关问题展开讨论。